The word 'Java' is used to refer to both the programming language, and the web development framework. It would have been better if they had a separate name for the framework. But they didn't and so now we are stuck with calling two things Java.
The Java language is well defined, object oriented- and the syntax is not that different from C/C++.
The Java framework has many different pieces to it - JVM, JRE, JDK, JMS, JCA, JSF, EJB, Spring, Hibernate, ......... and so on and so forth. It is the framework which is confusing because of all the different pieces.
So why so many pieces? Because each piece is a solution to a different piece of the web development puzzle. A typical web application needs a front end (web page GUI), a backend (something running on the server that can respond to the web page), a way to persist data to a database, a way to send emails, a way to schedule tasks, a way to log, a way to enforce security, a way to do this, that and the other!
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